Microbial colonization of metal sulfide minerals at a. Most metals react directly with sulfur to form metal sulfidesi. Request pdf chemistry of metal sulfides in anoxic sediments using sequential extraction of solid sulfides, the determination of acid volatile sulfides avs and chromium reducible sulfurs crs. The sulfide class also includes the selenides, the tellurides, the arsenides, the antimonides, the bismuthinides, the sulfarsenides and the sulfosalts. Chemistry of metal sulfides in anoxic sediments request pdf. However, the intrinsic orr mechanism over sulfide minerals and its effect on the flotation performance remain unclear. Horizons in sustainable industrial chemistry and catalysis. Chemisorption of thiols on metals and metal sulfides. Bacterial leaching, the biooxidation of metal sulfides to soluble metal sulfates and sulfuric acid, is effected by specialized bacteria. It would not be possible to survey the whole field with any justice.
Metal sulfides are the most important group of ore minerals. Data for 35 additional samples were taken from the literature. The composition of the sulfide minerals can be expressed with the general chemical formula a m s n, in which a is a metal, s is sulfur, and m and n are integers, giving a 2 s, as, a 3 s 4 and as 2 stoichiometries. Mineral chemistry of pt,pdbismuthotelluride minerals in the platreef at zwartfontein, akanani project, northern bushveld complex, south africa. Vaughan d j and craig 1 r 1978 mineral chemistry of metal. Sulfur also takes on many forms, which include elemental sulfur, organosulfur compounds in oil and coal, h 2 sg in natural gas, and mineral sulfides and sulfates. Sulfide british english also sulphide is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula s 2. Prebiotic organic synthesis reactions catalyzed by earthabundant metal sulfides are key processes for understanding the evolution of biochemistry from inorganic molecules, yet the catalytic functions of sulfides have remained poorly explored in the context of the origins of life. Zerovalent sulfur and metal speciation in sediment porewaters of freshwater lakes. Metal sulfide minerals are present in the host rock associated with most types of metal mining activity. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and basemetal ores of the north amethyst vein system, san.
New sulfide mineral collector chemistry based on redox mechanism. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold. Sulphide ores were mostly created by i the intrusion of molten magma from the mantle into the crust of the earth and ii the formation of localized metalrich sulphide ore bodies by sequential solidification andor hydrothermal leaching and precipitation. Other metal sulfides are attacked by ironiii ions and by protons, resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur via intermediary polysulfides. Department of transportation federal highway administration. When arsenopyrite is heated, it produces poisonous sulfur and arsenic fumes which can be fatal if inhaled in large quantities. Metal sulfide minerals, including mercury sulfides hgs, are widespread in hydrothermal vent systems where sulfur. Binary transition metal sulphides, with their intriguing electrical and magnetic. Engineering metal sulfides with hierarchical interfaces for advanced sodiumion storage systems. The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of indium in sulphide deposits and implications for mineral processing article in hydrometallurgy 10834.
The motivation for studying these systems derives from the interaction of this interesting group of organic compounds with native metal and sulfide mineral surfaces being the key chemical step in the separation and concentration of such minerals from their ores by froth flotation. In environmental chemistry, the phase the species occurs in gas, liquid, aqueous solution, mineral, or adsorbed on an interface between phases generally is also included in a. Prior to mining, oxidation of these minerals and the formation of sulfuric acid is a function of natural weathering processes. Chemical diversity of metal sulfide minerals and its. Pyrite fes2 marcasite fes2 pyrrhotite fe1xs troilite fes arsenopyrite feass. Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals, 2011. The metals that occur most commonly in sulfides are iron, copper, nickel, lead, cobalt, silver, and zinc, though about fifteen others enter sulfide structures. Since most sulfides exist as or have prototypes in minerals, the needs for inter. Pdf chemical diversity of metal sulfide minerals and its. The majority of sulfides are metallic, opaque, generally sectile, soft to average in hardness and they have high densities, black or darkcolored streaks, and an igneous origin. Rock and mineral identification for engineers november 1991 r u.
The sulfide minerals represent higher temperatures and a slightly deeper setting than the sulfate minerals, which reflect the oxygenrich environment near the earths surface. For example, attack with tin and hydrochloric acid treadwell and hall, 1919, p. Froth flotation has been widely used to separate sulfide minerals from sulfide ores, where the oxygen reduction reaction orr plays a significant role as the cathodic reaction. Cambridge earth science series, cambridge cambridge university press, 1978. Pyrite and marcasite, the two polymorphs of fes 2, are among the most abundant metal sulfides in the earths upper crust, and play key roles in the global cycles of fe and s.
In this study, the metal and sulfide compositions of 45 enstatite chondrites were analyzed to determine possible mineral. The sulfide minerals are a class of minerals containing sulfide s 2. Metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodiumion batteries due to their large specific capacities. Engineering metal sulfides with hierarchical interfaces. Mineral chemistry of metal sulfides cambridge earth science series by david j. Sulfide minerals comprise a group of minerals in which the inorganic anion sulfide s2 is typically bound to a metal. Vaughan d j and craig 1 r 1978 mineral chemistry of. The adsorption of cells to suspended mineral particles takes place within minutes or. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that irritates the eyes and mucous membranes at concentrations of around 50 ppm sensitivity varies considerably from person to person. The second of the chemistry families identified is denoted as the sseries and is based on using redox oriented chemistry in conjunction with the tendency of certain minerals to develop flotation hydrophobicity in a redox controlled environment, e. Metal sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation. Sulfide mineral, any member of a group of compounds of sulfur with one or more metals. Mineral chemistry of pt,pdbismuthotelluride minerals in.
Buy mineral chemistry of metal sulfides cambridge earth science series on free shipping on qualified orders mineral chemistry of metal sulfides cambridge earth science series. Some sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. Another feature of transition metal sulfides which distinguishes them from oxides is their lower melting points 6, 7, 10 table. Sulfide also refers to chemical compounds large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e. The xanes spectra of these sulfides reflect the dos of unoccupied s s, p and dlike states near and above the fermi level. The acidinsoluble metal sulfides fes2, mos2, and ws2 are chemically attacked by ironiii hexahydrate ions, generating thiosulfate, which is oxidized to sulfuric acid. It is an ore of the metal molybdenum, of which it contains 60%. The ptbismuthotelluride minerals are markedly associated with. Most of the sulfides are simple structurally, exhibit high symmetry in their crystal forms, and have many of the properties of metals, including metallic luster and electrical conductivity. Pdf metalsulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation. Sulfides occur as primary accessory minerals in many different igneous rocks and in deep hydrothermal deposits that are closely related to igneous intrusions.
The sulfide class minerals comprise an economically important class of minerals. The practical applications of metal sulfides in sodiumion batteries, however, are still limited due to their large volume expansion, poor cycling stability, and sluggish electrode kinetics. However, the factors that control metal chemistry and the environmental characteristics used to produce estimates of metal fate and effects can be generalized. Industrial processes use transition metal sulfides in hydroprocessing catalysis. Value, 60 cents a pound of molybdenite in concentrates containing 90% of the mineral. However, some inorganic sulfides are so insoluble for example, mercuryii sulfide and cadmium sulfide that they are not caustic. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and genesis of precious. This element is extracted by using the frasch process discussed below, a method where superheated water and compressed air is used to draw liquid sulfur to the surface. As a result, the longterm chemistry asso ciated with disposal environments can be largely predicted including trace elements. I nt roduct ion minum and iron was determined under low. To explore the potential of metal sulfides on catalyzing prebiotic chemical reactions, here, the chemical diversity variations in chemical. Pdf prebiotic organic synthesis catalyzed by earthabundant metal sulfides is a key process for understanding the evolution of biochemistry. Transition metal sulfide units occur in minerals in nature and play an important role in the catalytic activity of enzymes such as hydrogenase and nitrogenase.
Unlike mineral sulfide ores, iron ore does not provide an energy source e. Past studies on prebiotic chemistry have mostly focused on a few types of metal sulfide catalysts, such as fes or. Quartz, manganeserich calcite, and trace pyrite line latestage vugs. Solid state transition metal sulphides springerlink. Cobalt sulfide quantum dot embedded nsdoped carbon. Three species of mesoacidophilic, chemolithotrophic bacteria are mainly involved.
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, thiobacillus thiooxidans, and leptospirillum ferrooxidans. The determination of sulfate and sulfide sulfur in rocks. Chemical variations of sulfides and metal in enstatite. The relationship between crystal structure, bonding and cell dimensions in the copper sulfides. The ming deposit, newfoundland appalachians, is a metamorphosed upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies, cambroordovician, bimodalmafic volcanogenic massive sul. The metal sulphides are the most important group of ore minerals forming charge materials for the. It is used in making molybdenum steel and other alloys, and there are smaller uses in chemical analysis, etc. However, it would be interesting to discuss the relevant chemistry and thermodynamics of roasting with the primary aim of understanding the stability regions of different phases in mso systems in the.
Sulfide minerals are compounds in which sulfur is combined as an anion with a metal or semi metal cation or cations. Questions remain as to the impact of mineral compo. Most major ores of important metals such as copper, lead and silver are sulfides. High temperature hydrothermal most common sulfide mineral source of s in coal. In this work, a twodimensional heterostructure of cosx cos and co9s8 quantum dots embedded n. Sulfides minerals the mineral and gemstone kingdom.
When dissolved in nitric acid, it releases elemental sulfur. The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of indium in sulphide. Much less is known about their surface chemistry, their biogeochemistry, or the formation and behaviour of nanoparticle sulfides, whether formed abiotically or biogenically. Cells have to be attached to the mineral surface and a close contact is needed. Mineral chemistry of metal sulfides cambridge earth. Metal sulfides are characterized by lower thermodynamic stabilities in comparison with those of corresponding oxides. Bacterial leaching of metal sulfides proceeds by two. Sulfide minerals are compounds in which sulfur is combined as an anion with a metal or semimetal cation or cations. Descriptor of catalytic activity of metal sulfides for.
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